Rabu, 11 Juli 2012

Sejarah dan pengertian PHP

PHP pertama kali dibuat oleh Rasmus Lerdorf pada tahun 1995. Pada waktu itu PHP bernama FI (Form Interpreted). Pada saat tersebut PHP adalah sekumpulan script yang digunakan untuk mengolah data form dari web.
Perkembangan selanjutnya adalah Rasmus melepaskan kode sumber tersebut dan menamakannya PHP/FI, pada saat tersebut kepanjangan dari PHP/FI adalah Personal Home Page/Form Interpreter. Dengan pelepasan kode sumber ini menjadi open source, maka banyak programmer yang tertarik untuk ikut mengembangkan PHP.
Pada November 1997, dirilis PHP/FI 2.0. Pada rilis ini interpreter sudah diimplementasikan dalam C. Dalam rilis ini disertakan juga modul-modul ekstensi yang meningkatkan kemampuan PHP/FI secara signifikan. Pada tahun 1997, sebuah perusahaan bernama Zend, menulis ulang interpreter PHP menjadi lebih bersih, lebih baik dan lebih cepat. Kemudian pada Juni 1998 perusahaan tersebut merilis interpreter baru untuk PHP dan meresmikan nama rilis tersebut menjadi PHP 3.0.
Pada pertengahan tahun 1999, Zend merilis interpreter PHP baru dan rilis tersebut dikenal dengan PHP 4.0. PHP 4.0 adalah versi PHP yang paling banyak dipakai. Versi ini banyak dipakai sebab versi ini mampu dipakai untuk membangun aplikasi web kompleks tetapi tetap memiliki kecepatan proses dan stabilitas yang tinggi.
Pada Juni 2004, Zend merilis PHP 5.0. Versi ini adalah versi mutakhir dari PHP. Dalam versi ini, inti dari interpreter PHP mengalami perubahan besar. Dalam versi ini juga dikenalkan model pemrograman berorientasi objek baru untuk menjawab perkembangan bahas pemrograman kearah pemrograman berorientasi objek.
Kelebihan PHP dari bahasa pemrograman lain :
  • Bahasa pemrograman php adalah sebuah bahasa script yang tidak melakukan sebuah kompilasi dalam penggunaanya.
  • Web Server yang mendukung php dapat ditemukan dimana – mana dari mulai IIS sampai dengan apache, dengan configurasi yang relatif mudah.
  • Dalam sisi pengembangan lebih mudah, karena banyaknya milis – milis dan developer yang siap membantu dalam pengembangan.
  • Dalam sisi pemahamanan, php adalah bahasa scripting yang paling mudah karena referensi yang banyak.
  • PHP adalah bahasa open source yang dapat digunakan di berbagai mesin (linux, unix, windows) dan dapat dijalankan secara runtime melalui console serta juga dapat menjalankan perintah-perintah system.

Selasa, 26 Juni 2012

tugas tentang php

Pemrograman PHP/Pendahuluan/Pengertian PHP

php adalah singkatan dari "PHP: Hypertext Prepocessor", yaitu bahasa pemrograman yang digunakan secara luas untuk penanganan pembuatan dan pengembangan sebuah situs web dan bisa digunakan bersamaan dengan HTML. PHP diciptakan oleh Rasmus Lerdorf pertama kali tahun 1994. Pada awalnya PHP adalah singkatan dari "Personal Home Page Tools". Selanjutnya diganti menjadi FI ("Forms Interpreter"). Sejak versi 3.0, nama bahasa ini diubah menjadi "PHP: Hypertext Prepocessor" dengan singkatannya "PHP". PHP versi terbaru adalah versi ke-5. Berdasarkan survey Netcraft pada bulan Desember 1999, lebih dari sejuta site menggunakan PHP, di antaranya adalah NASA, Mitsubishi, dan RedHat


 
$tanaman = array("pangan" => "padi", "hias" => "anggrek","sayuran" => "wortel");echo "Contoh tanaman sayuran adalah {$tanaman["sayuran"]}";// Membuat array multidimensi$b[0][0] = "Nol Nol";$b[0][1] = "Nol Satu";echo "Nilai \$b[0][1] adalah {$b[0][1]}";// Membuat array asosiatif multidimensi$kota["Jabar"][0] = "Bogor";$kota["Jabar"][1] = "Bandung";$kota["Jateng"][0] = "Semarang";$kota["Jateng"][1] = "Solo";echo "\$kota['Jabar'][1] = {$kota['Jabar'][1]}";?>Objeck Object adalah sebuah tipe data yang dapat berupa sebuah bilangan, variabel, atau bahkan sebuah fungsi.Variabel dan konstantaObject adalah sebuah tipe data yang dapat berupa sebuah bilangan, variabel, atau bahkan sebuah fungsi.Contoh nama variable:$variabel1 = "Printer";

Tugas tentang`10.pengertian php.

1.Dasar Pengertian PHP



Apa itu PHP? PHP adalah singkatan dari Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP merupakan bahasa pemrograman berbasis Web yang bersifat Server-Side Scripting.

Keunggulan PHP

  • Dapat dijalankan pada berbagai Operating System, Misalnya: Windows, LINUX, dan Mac OS.
  • Dapat dijalankan diberbagai Webserver Misalnya: Apache, Microsoft IIS, Caudium, PWS.
  • Database yang dapat digunakan: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Microsoft Access, Interbase
  • Untuk PHP 5 support Object Oriented Programming (OOP).
  • PHP adalah perangkat lunak open source
  • PHP gratis untuk didownload dan digunakan


Requirements
Apa saja yang kita butuhkan untuk bisa menjalankan dan mengedit PHP?

  • Webserver (Apache)
  • DataBase (MySQL)
  • Browser (Firefox,Opera,IE,Safari dll)
  • TextEditor (Note Pad, Notepad ++, PHP Designer dll)


Pengertian php dan Sejarah php

PHP pertama kali dibuat oleh Rasmus Lerdorf pada tahun 1995. Pada waktu itu PHP bernama FI (Form Interpreted). Pada saat tersebut PHP adalah sekumpulan script yang digunakan untuk mengolah data form dari web.

Perkembangan selanjutnya adalah Rasmus melepaskan kode sumber tersebut dan menamakannya PHP/FI, pada saat tersebut kepanjangan dari PHP/FI adalah Personal Home Page/Form Interpreter. Dengan pelepasan kode sumber ini menjadi open source, maka banyak programmer yang tertarik untuk ikut mengembangkan PHP.

Pada November 1997, dirilis PHP/FI 2.0. Pada rilis ini interpreter sudah diimplementasikan dalam C. Dalam rilis ini disertakan juga modul-modul ekstensi yang meningkatkan kemampuan PHP/FI secara signifikan.

Pada tahun 1997, sebuah perusahaan bernama Zend, menulis ulang interpreter PHP menjadi lebih bersih, lebih baik dan lebih cepat. Kemudian pada Juni 1998 perusahaan tersebut merilis interpreter baru untuk PHP dan meresmikan nama rilis tersebut menjadi PHP 3.0.

Pada pertengahan tahun 1999, Zend merilis interpreter PHP baru dan rilis tersebut dikenal dengan PHP 4.0. PHP 4.0 adalah versi PHP yang paling banyak dipakai. Versi ini banyak dipakai sebab versi ini mampu dipakai untuk membangun aplikasi web kompleks tetapi tetap memiliki kecepatan proses dan stabilitas yang tinggi.

Pada Juni 2004, Zend merilis PHP 5.0. Versi ini adalah versi mutakhir dari PHP. Dalam versi ini, inti dari interpreter PHP mengalami perubahan besar. Dalam versi ini juga dikenalkan model pemrograman berorientasi objek baru untuk menjawab perkembangan bahas pemrograman kearah pemrograman berorientasi objek.
Kelebihan PHP dari bahasa pemrograman lain

* Bahasa pemrograman php adalah sebuah bahasa script yang tidak melakukan sebuah kompilasi dalam penggunaanya.
* Web Server yang mendukung php dapat ditemukan dimana - mana dari mulai IIS sampai dengan apache, dengan configurasi yang relatif mudah.
* Dalam sisi pengembangan lebih mudah, karena banyaknya milis - milis dan developer yang siap membantu dalam pengembangan.
* Dalam sisi pemahamanan, php adalah bahasa scripting yang paling mudah karena referensi yang banyak.
* PHP adalah bahasa open source yang dapat digunakan di berbagai mesin (linux, unix, windows) dan dapat dijalankan secara runtime melalui console serta juga dapat menjalankan perintah-perintah system.

Sejarah Pengertian PHP

Awalnya PHP kependekan dari Personal Home Page. PHP dibuat pertama kali oleh Rasmus Lerdorf tahun 1995. Waktu itu PHP bernama Form Interpreted (FI), wujudnya sekumpulan skrip digunakan untuk mengolah data dari web.
Rasmus merilis kode sumber tersebut untuk umum dan menamakannya PHP/FI. Dengan perilisan kode sumber ini menjadi sumber terbuka (GNU), maka banyak programer tertarik ikut mengembangkan PHP.
Pada November 1997, dirilis PHP/FI 2.0. Pada rilis ini, interpreter PHP sudah diimplementasikan dalam program C. Dalam rilis ini disertakan juga modul-modul ekstensi yang meningkatkan kemampuan PHP/FI secara signifikan.
Tahun 1997, perusahaan bernama Zend menulis ulang interpreter PHP menjadi lebih bersih, lebih baik, dan lebih cepat. Kemudian Juni 1998, perusahaan itu merilis interpreter baru untuk PHP dan meresmikan rilis tersebut sebagai PHP 3.0 dan singkatan PHP diubah menjadi akronim berulang PHP: Hypertext Preprocessing.
Pertengahan tahun 1999, Zend merilis interpreter PHP baru dan rilis tersebut dikenal dengan PHP 4.0. PHP 4.0 adalah versi PHP yang paling banyak dipakai pada awal abad ke-21. Versi ini banyak dipakai disebabkan kemampuannya untuk membangun aplikasi web kompleks, tetapi tetap memiliki kecepatan dan stabilitas yang tinggi.
Juni 2004, Zend merilis PHP 5.0. Dalam versi ini, inti dari interpreter PHP mengalami perubahan besar. Versi ini memasukkan model pemrograman berorientasi objek ke dalam PHP untuk menjawab perkembangan bahasa pemrograman ke arah paradigma berorientasi objek.

Rabu, 07 Desember 2011

5 posting vb net

Private Sub frmMain_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        lblProgress.Text = String.Empty
        txtURL.Text = URL_MESSAGE
        txtDownloadTo.Text = DIR_MESSAGE
        cmdGetFolder.Focus()
        txtURL.Hide()
        Show()
        Timer2.Start()

        cmdDownload.Enabled = False

        cmdDownload.Enabled = False
        cmdClose.Enabled = False

        'DO THE DOWNLOAD
        Try
            _Downloader = New WebFileDownloader

            _Downloader.DownloadFileWithProgress(txtURL.Text, ("") & filename)
        Catch ex As Exception
            MessageBox.Show("ERROR: " & ex.Message)
            cmdClose.Enabled = True
            cmdDownload.Enabled = True
        End Try
    End Sub

    'returns all text from last "/" in URL, but puts a "\" in front of the file name..
    Private Function GetFileNameFromURL(ByVal URL As String) As String
        If URL.IndexOf("/"c) = -1 Then Return String.Empty

        Return "\" & URL.Substring(URL.LastIndexOf("/"c) + 1)
    End Function

    'GET A FOLDER TO DOWNLOAD THE FILE TO
    Private Sub cmdGetFolder_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdGetFolder.Click
        If dlgFolderBrowse.ShowDialog(Me) <> DialogResult.Cancel Then
            txtDownloadTo.Text = dlgFolderBrowse.SelectedPath
        End If
    End Sub

    'FIRES WHEN WE HAVE GOTTEN THE DOWNLOAD SIZE, SO WE KNOW WHAT BOUNDS TO GIVE THE PROGRESS BAR
    Private Sub _Downloader_FileDownloadSizeObtained(ByVal iFileSize As Long) Handles _Downloader.FileDownloadSizeObtained
        ProgBar.Value = 0
        ProgBar.Maximum = Convert.ToInt32(iFileSize)
    End Sub

    'FIRES WHEN DOWNLOAD IS COMPLETE
    Private Sub _Downloader_FileDownloadComplete() Handles _Downloader.FileDownloadComplete
        ProgBar.Value = ProgBar.Maximum

        My.Settings.Save()
        'download.Show()
        yourlogo.Close()
        Process.Start(filename)

        cmdClose.Text = "Close"
        cmdClose.Enabled = True

        ProgBar.Value = ProgBar.Minimum
        lblProgress.Text = String.Empty
    End Sub

    'FIRES WHEN DOWNLOAD FAILES. PASSES IN EXCEPTION INFO
    Private Sub _Downloader_FileDownloadFailed(ByVal ex As System.Exception) Handles _Downloader.FileDownloadFailed
        MessageBox.Show("Error: " & ex.Message)
        cmdClose.Enabled = True
        cmdDownload.Enabled = True
    End Sub

    'FIRES WHEN MORE OF THE FILE HAS BEEN DOWNLOADED
    Private Sub _Downloader_AmountDownloadedChanged(ByVal iNewProgress As Long) Handles _Downloader.AmountDownloadedChanged
        ProgBar.Value = Convert.ToInt32(iNewProgress)
        lblProgress.Text = WebFileDownloader.FormatFileSize(iNewProgress) & " of " & WebFileDownloader.FormatFileSize(ProgBar.Maximum) & " Downloaded."
        Application.DoEvents()
    End Sub

Here is second set of code. I'd like to convert it to c# too .
This set of code will detects if the file version is the same , if it does not match , it will goto patcher form or else it will continue the application.
Private Sub CheckUpdata(ByVal url As String)

        WebClient1.DownloadFileAsync(New Uri(url), "updateinfo.ver")

    End Sub

    Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
        yourlogo.Show()
        CheckUpdata("http://127.0.0.1/updateinfo.txt")

    End Sub

    Private Sub WebClient1_DownloadFileCompleted(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.ComponentModel.AsyncCompletedEventArgs) Handles WebClient1.DownloadFileCompleted

        ProgressBar1.Value = ProgressBar1.Maximum
        Dim version As New TextBox
        version.Text = My.Computer.FileSystem.ReadAllText("updateinfo.ver")
        Label2.Text = version.Text

        Dim new_ver As Double = version.Text
        Dim cur_ver As Double = Application.ProductVersion
        If new_ver > cur_ver Then
            On Error Resume Next
            If My.Computer.FileSystem.FileExists("updateinfo.ver") Then
                My.Computer.FileSystem.DeleteFile("updateinfo.ver")
            End If
            MsgBox("New version detected!", MsgBoxStyle.Information, "Updater")
            frmDLMain.Show()
            Me.Close()
        Else

            If My.Computer.FileSystem.FileExists("updateinfo.ver") Then
                My.Computer.FileSystem.DeleteFile("updateinfo.ver")
            End If
            yourlogo.Close()
            yourapp.Show()
            Me.Close()
        End If
    End Sub

The last set of codes.
This code bascially detects if a file is existed in the same directory and if it does not , it will download from a webpage.

  1. We use the HttpUtility class from the System.Web namespace  
  2. Imports System.Web  
  3.   
  4. Dim request As HttpWebRequest  
  5. Dim response As HttpWebResponse = Nothing  
  6. Dim reader As StreamReader  
  7. Dim address As Uri  
  8. Dim appId As String  
  9. Dim context As String  
  10. Dim query As String  
  11. Dim data As StringBuilder  
  12. Dim byteData() As Byte  
  13. Dim postStream As Stream = Nothing  
  14.   
  15. address = New Uri("http://api.search.yahoo.com/ContentAnalysisService/V1/termExtraction")  
  16.   
  17. ' Create the web request  
  18. request = DirectCast(WebRequest.Create(address), HttpWebRequest)  
  19.   
  20. ' Set type to POST  
  21. request.Method = "POST"  
  22. request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"  
  23.   
  24. ' Create the data we want to send  
  25. appId = "YahooDemo"  
  26. context = "Italian sculptors and painters of the renaissance" _  
  27.    & "favored the Virgin Mary for inspiration"  
  28. query = "madonna"  
  29.   
  30. data = New StringBuilder()  
  31. data.Append("appid=" + HttpUtility.UrlEncode(appId))  
  32. data.Append("&context=" + HttpUtility.UrlEncode(context))  
  33. data.Append("&query=" + HttpUtility.UrlEncode(query))  
  34.   
  35. ' Create a byte array of the data we want to send  
  36. byteData = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data.ToString())  
  37.   
  38. ' Set the content length in the request headers  
  39. request.ContentLength = byteData.Length  
  40.   
  41. ' Write data  
  42. Try  
  43.     postStream = request.GetRequestStream()  
  44.     postStream.Write(byteData, 0, byteData.Length)  
  45. Finally  
  46.     If Not postStream Is Nothing Then postStream.Close()  
  47. End Try  
  48.   
  49. Try  
  50.     ' Get response  
  51.     response = DirectCast(request.GetResponse(), HttpWebResponse)  
  52.   
  53.     ' Get the response stream into a reader  
  54.     reader = New StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream())  
  55.   
  56.     ' Console application output  
  57.     Console.WriteLine(reader.ReadToEnd())  
  58. Finally  
  59.     If Not response Is Nothing Then response.Close()  
  60. End Try  

HTTP Authenticated requests

The del.icio.us API requires you to make authenticated requests, passing your del.icio.us username and password using HTTP authentication. This is easily accomplished by adding an instance of NetworkCredentials to the request.

VB.NET HTTP Authentication

  1. Dim request As HttpWebRequest  
  2. Dim response As HttpWebResponse = Nothing  
  3. Dim reader As StreamReader  
  4.   
  5. Try  
  6.     ' Create the web request  
  7.     request = DirectCast(WebRequest.Create("https://api.del.icio.us/v1/posts/recent"), _  
  8.        HttpWebRequest)  
  9.   
  10.     ' Add authentication to request  
  11.     request.Credentials = New NetworkCredential("username""password")  
  12.   
  13.     ' Get response  
  14.     response = DirectCast(request.GetResponse(), HttpWebResponse)  
  15.   
  16.     ' Get the response stream into a reader  
  17.     reader = New StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream())  
  18.   
  19.     ' Console application output  
  20.     Console.WriteLine(reader.ReadToEnd())  
  21. Finally  
  22.     If Not response Is Nothing Then response.Close()  
  23. End Try  

Error Handling

Yahoo! offers many REST based web services but they don't all use the same error handling. Some web services return status code 200 (OK) and a detailed error message in the returned XML data while others return a standard HTTP status code to indicate an error. Please read the documentation for the web services you are using to see what type of error response you should expect. Remember that HTTP Authentication is different from the Yahoo! Browser-Based Authentication.
Calling HttpRequest.GetResponse() will raise an exception if the server does not return the status code 200 (OK), the request times out or there is a network error. Redirects are, however, handled automatically.
Here is a more full featured sample method that prints the contents of a web page and has basic error handling for HTTP error codes.

VB.NET GET Sample 2

  1. Public Shared Sub PrintSource(ByVal address As Uri)  
  2.   
  3.     Dim request As HttpWebRequest  
  4.     Dim response As HttpWebResponse = Nothing  
  5.     Dim reader As StreamReader  
  6.     Dim sbSource As StringBuilder  
  7.   
  8.     If address Is Nothing Then Throw New ArgumentNullException("address")  
  9.   
  10.     Try  
  11.         ' Create and initialize the web request  
  12.         request = DirectCast(WebRequest.Create(address), HttpWebRequest)  
  13.         request.UserAgent = ".NET Sample"  
  14.         request.KeepAlive = False  
  15.         request.Timeout = 15 * 1000  
  16.   
  17.         ' Get response  
  18.         response = DirectCast(request.GetResponse(), HttpWebResponse)  
  19.   
  20.         If request.HaveResponse = True AndAlso Not (response Is NothingThen  
  21.   
  22.             ' Get the response stream  
  23.             reader = New StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream())  
  24.   
  25.             ' Read it into a StringBuilder  
  26.             sbSource = New StringBuilder(reader.ReadToEnd())  
  27.   
  28.             ' Console application output  
  29.             Console.WriteLine(sbSource.ToString())  
  30.         End If  
  31.     Catch wex As WebException  
  32.         ' This exception will be raised if the server didn't return 200 - OK  
  33.         ' Try to retrieve more information about the network error  
  34.         If Not wex.Response Is Nothing Then  
  35.             Dim errorResponse As HttpWebResponse = Nothing  
  36.             Try  
  37.                 errorResponse = DirectCast(wex.Response, HttpWebResponse)  
  38.                 Console.WriteLine( _  
  39.                   "The server returned '{0}' with the status code {1} ({2:d}).", _  
  40.                   errorResponse.StatusDescription, errorResponse.StatusCode, _  
  41.                   errorResponse.StatusCode)  
  42.             Finally  
  43.                 If Not errorResponse Is Nothing Then errorResponse.Close()  
  44.             End Try  
  45.         End If  
  46.     Finally  
  47.         If Not response Is Nothing Then response.Close()  
  48.     End Try  
  49.  

Minggu, 04 Desember 2011

posting vb net

' Simple class that encapsulates the HTTP post sample.
Public Class HttpPostRequest
    ' Displays simple usage information.       
    Shared Sub usage()
        Console.WriteLine("Executable_file_name [-u URL] [-d data] [-s file] [-p proxy]")
        Console.WriteLine("Available options:")
        Console.WriteLine("     -u URL          URL to post data to")
        Console.WriteLine("     -d data         Data to post")
        Console.WriteLine("     -s file         File name to save response to")

Rabu, 23 November 2011

5 tentang saya

1. beribadah
2. belajar
3.berkumpul kumpul sama teman
4.di rumah saja
5. saya pengin cari kerja

5. tentang vb net

1.
<html>
<head><title>Vehicle movement log</title></head>
<body bgcolour='#00ffff'>

<LINK REL=stylesheet TYPE='text/css' HREF='vehiclelog.css' TITLE='style'>


<form name='dateandcad' action="default.asp" method="post" autocomplete="off">
<table border="0">
<tr><td width="220">Date (ddmmyy): <input type=text name=date size=8></td>
<td width="300">Call sign or fleet number: <input type=text name=callsign size=5></td>
<td width="100">  <input type="submit" value="submit"></td>
</table>
</form>


 <hr><br><br>


<script language='javascript'>
 dateandcad.date.value=''
 dateandcad.callsign.value=''
</script>

</body>
</html> 
2.
VB.NET Program Structure C#
Imports System

Namespace Hello
   Class HelloWorld
      Overloads Shared Sub Main(ByVal args() As String)
         Dim name As String = "VB.NET"

         'See if an argument was passed from the command line
          If args.Length = 1 Then name = args(0)

          Console.WriteLine("Hello, " & name & "!")
      End Sub
   End Class
End Namespace
using System;

namespace Hello {
   public class HelloWorld {
      public static void Main(string[] args) {
         string name = "C#";

         // See if an argument was passed from the command line
         if (args.Length == 1)
            name = args[0];

         Console.WriteLine("Hello, " + name + "!");
      }
   }
}
VB.NET Comments C#
' Single line only
REM Single line only
''' <summary>XML comments</summary>
// Single line
/* Multiple
    line  */
/// <summary>XML comments on single line</summary>
/** <summary>XML comments on multiple lines</summary> */

VB.NET Data Types C#
Value Types
Boolean
Byte, SByte
Char
Short, UShort, Integer, UInteger, Long, ULong
Single, Double
Decimal
Date   (alias of System.DateTime)
Reference Types
Object
String

Initializing
Dim correct As Boolean = True
Dim b As Byte = &H2A   'hex or &O52 for octal
Dim person As Object = Nothing
Dim name As String = "Dwight"
Dim grade As Char = "B"c
Dim today As Date = #12/31/2010 12:15:00 PM#
Dim amount As Decimal = 35.99@
Dim gpa As Single = 2.9!
Dim pi As Double = 3.14159265
Dim lTotal As Long = 123456L
Dim sTotal As Short = 123S
Dim usTotal As UShort = 123US
Dim uiTotal As UInteger = 123UI
Dim ulTotal As ULong = 123UL
Implicitly Typed Local Variables
Dim s = "Hello!"
Dim nums = New Integer() {1, 2, 3}
Dim hero = New SuperHero With {.Name = "Batman"}
Type Information
Dim x As Integer
Console.WriteLine(x.GetType())          ' Prints System.Int32
Console.WriteLine(GetType(Integer))   ' Prints System.Int32
Console.WriteLine(TypeName(x))        ' Prints Integer

Dim c as New Circle
If TypeOf c Is Shape Then _
    Console.WriteLine("c is a Shape")

Type Conversion / Casting
Dim d As Single = 3.5
Dim i As Integer = CType(d, Integer)   ' set to 4 (Banker's rounding)
i = CInt(d)  ' same result as CType
i = Int(d)    ' set to 3 (Int function truncates the decimal)

Dim o As Object = 2
i = DirectCast(o, Integer)   ' Throws InvalidCastException if type cast fails

Dim s As New Shape
Dim c As Circle = TryCast(s, Circle)   ' Returns Nothing if type cast fails

Value Types
bool
byte, sbyte
char
short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong
float, double
decimal
DateTime   (not a built-in C# type)
Reference Types
object
string

Initializing
bool correct = true;
byte b = 0x2A;   // hex
object person = null;
string name = "Dwight";
char grade = 'B';
DateTime today = DateTime.Parse("12/31/2010 12:15:00 PM");
decimal amount = 35.99m;
float gpa = 2.9f;
double pi = 3.14159265;
long lTotal = 123456L;
short sTotal = 123;
ushort usTotal = 123;
uint uiTotal = 123;
ulong ulTotal = 123;

Implicitly Typed Local Variables
var s = "Hello!";
var nums = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };
var hero = new SuperHero() { Name = "Batman" };
Type Information
int x;
Console.WriteLine(x.GetType());              // Prints System.Int32
Console.WriteLine(typeof(int));               // Prints System.Int32
Console.WriteLine(x.GetType().Name);   // prints Int32

Circle c = new Circle();
if (c is Shape)
    Console.WriteLine("c is a Shape");

Type Conversion / Casting
float d = 3.5f;
i = Convert.ToInt32(d);     // Set to 4 (rounds)
int i = (int)d;     // set to 3 (truncates decimal)


object o = 2;
int i = (int)o;   // Throws InvalidCastException if type cast fails

Shape s = new Shape();
Circle c = s as Circle;   // Returns null if type cast fails

VB.NET Constants C#
Const MAX_STUDENTS As Integer = 25 ' Can set to a const or var; may be initialized in a constructor
ReadOnly MIN_DIAMETER As Single = 4.93
const int MAX_STUDENTS = 25; // Can set to a const or var; may be initialized in a constructor
readonly float MIN_DIAMETER = 4.93f;
VB.NET Enumerations C#
Enum Action
  Start
  [Stop]   ' Stop is a reserved word
  Rewind
  Forward
End Enum

Enum Status
  Flunk = 50
  Pass = 70
  Excel = 90
End Enum

Dim a As Action = Action.Stop
If a <> Action.Start Then _
   Console.WriteLine(a.ToString & " is " & a)     ' Prints "Stop is 1"

Console.WriteLine(Status.Pass)     ' Prints 70
Console.WriteLine(Status.Pass.ToString())     ' Prints Pass
enum Action {Start, Stop, Rewind, Forward};
enum Status {Flunk = 50, Pass = 70, Excel = 90};

Action a = Action.Stop;
if (a != Action.Start)
  Console.WriteLine(a + " is " + (int) a);    // Prints "Stop is 1"

Console.WriteLine((int) Status.Pass);    // Prints 70
Console.WriteLine(Status.Pass);      // Prints Pass
VB.NET Operators C#
Comparison
=  <  >  <=  >=  <>
Arithmetic
+  -  *  /
Mod
(integer division)
(raise to a power)
Assignment
=  +=  -=  *=  /=  \=  ^=  <<=  >>=  &=
Bitwise
And   Or   Xor   Not   <<   >>
Logical
AndAlso   OrElse   And   Or   Xor   Not
Note: AndAlso and OrElse perform short-circuit logical evaluations
String Concatenation
&
Comparison
==  <  >  <=  >=  !=
Arithmetic
+  -  *  /
(mod)
(integer division if both operands are ints)
Math.Pow(x, y)
Assignment
=  +=  -=  *=  /=   %=  &=  |=  ^=  <<=  >>=  ++  --
Bitwise
&   |   ^   ~   <<   >>
Logical
&&   ||   &   |   ^   !
Note: && and || perform short-circuit logical evaluations
String Concatenation
+
VB.NET Choices C#
' Ternary/Conditional operator (IIf evaluates 2nd and 3rd expressions)
greeting = If(age < 20, "What's up?", "Hello")
' One line doesn't require "End If"
If age < 20 Then greeting = "What's up?"
If age < 20 Then greeting = "What's up?" Else greeting = "Hello"
' Use : to put two commands on same line
If x <> 100 AndAlso y < 5 Then x *= 5 : y *= 2 
' Preferred
If x <> 100 AndAlso y < 5 Then
  x *= 5
  y *= 2
End If
' Use _ to break up long single line or use implicit line break
If whenYouHaveAReally < longLine And
  itNeedsToBeBrokenInto2 > Lines Then _
  UseTheUnderscore(charToBreakItUp)
'If x > 5 Then
  x *= y
ElseIf x = 5 OrElse y Mod 2 = 0 Then
  x += y
ElseIf x < 10 Then
  x -= y
Else
  x /= y
End If
Select Case color   ' Must be a primitive data type
  Case "pink", "red"
    r += 1
  Case "blue"
    b += 1
  Case "green"
    g += 1
  Case Else
    other += 1
End Select
// Ternary/Conditional operator
greeting = age < 20 ? "What's up?" : "Hello";
if (age < 20)
  greeting = "What's up?";
else
  greeting = "Hello";
// Multiple statements must be enclosed in {}
if (x != 100 && y < 5) {  
  x *= 5;
  y *= 2;
}


No need for _ or : since ; is used to terminate each statement.




if
(x > 5)
  x *= y;
else if (x == 5 || y % 2 == 0)
  x += y;
else if (x < 10)
  x -= y;
else
  x /= y;



// Every case must end with break or goto case
switch (color) {                          // Must be integer or string
  case "pink":
  case "red":    r++;    break;
  case "blue":   b++;   break;
  case "green": g++;   break;
  default:    other++;   break;       // break necessary on default
}
VB.NET Loops C#
Pre-test Loops:
While c < 10
  c += 1
End While
Do Until c = 10
  c += 1
Loop
Do While c < 10
  c += 1
Loop
For c = 2 To 10 Step 2
  Console.WriteLine(c)
Next

Post-test Loops:
Do
  c += 1
Loop While c < 10
Do
  c += 1
Loop Until c = 10
'  Array or collection looping
Dim names As String() = {"Fred", "Sue", "Barney"}
For Each s As String In names
  Console.WriteLine(s)
Next
' Breaking out of loops
Dim i As Integer = 0
While (True)
  If (i = 5) Then Exit While
  i += 1
End While



' Continue to next iteration
For i = 0 To 4
  If i < 4 Then Continue For
  Console.WriteLine(i)   ' Only prints 4
Next
Pre-test Loops:   // no "until" keyword
while (c < 10)
  c++;


for (c = 2; c <= 10; c += 2)
  Console.WriteLine(c);

Post-test Loop:

do
  c++;
while (c < 10);



// Array or collection looping
string[] names = {"Fred", "Sue", "Barney"};
foreach (string s in names)
  Console.WriteLine(s);

// Breaking out of loops
int i = 0;
while (true) {
  if (i == 5)
    break;
  i++;
}
// Continue to next iteration
for (i = 0; i <= 4; i++) {
  if (i < 4)
    continue;
  Console.WriteLine(i);   // Only prints 4
}
VB.NET Arrays C#
Dim nums() As Integer = {1, 2, 3}
For i As Integer = 0 To nums.Length - 1
  Console.WriteLine(nums(i))
Next

' 4 is the index of the last element, so it holds 5 elements
Dim names(4) As String
names(0) = "David"
names(5) = "Bobby"  ' Throws System.IndexOutOfRangeException

' Resize the array, keeping the existing values (Preserve is optional)
ReDim Preserve names(6)

Dim twoD(rows-1, cols-1) As Single
twoD(2, 0) = 4.5

Dim jagged()() As Integer = { _
  New Integer(4) {}, New Integer(1) {}, New Integer(2) {} }
jagged(0)(4) = 5
int[] nums = {1, 2, 3};
for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++)
  Console.WriteLine(nums[i]);


// 5 is the size of the array
string[] names = new string[5];
names[0] = "David";
names[5] = "Bobby";   // Throws System.IndexOutOfRangeException

// Add two elements, keeping the existing values
Array.Resize(ref names, 7);
float[,] twoD = new float[rows, cols];
twoD[2,0] = 4.5f; 
int[][] jagged = new int[3][] {
  new int[5], new int[2], new int[3] };
jagged[0][4] = 5;
VB.NET Functions C#
' Pass by value (in, default), reference (in/out), and reference (out) 
Sub TestFunc(ByVal x As Integer, ByRef y As Integer, ByRef z As Integer)
  x += 1
  y += 1
  z = 5
End Sub
Dim a = 1, b = 1, c As Integer   ' c set to zero by default 
TestFunc(a, b, c)
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", a, b, c)   ' 1 2 5

' Accept variable number of arguments
Function Sum(ByVal ParamArray nums As Integer()) As Integer
  Sum = 0 
  For Each i As Integer In nums
    Sum += i
  Next
End Function   ' Or use Return statement like C#

Dim total As Integer = Sum(4, 3, 2, 1)   ' returns 10
' Optional parameters must be listed last and must have a default value
Sub SayHello(ByVal name As String, Optional ByVal prefix As String = "")
  Console.WriteLine("Greetings, " & prefix & " " & name)
End Sub

SayHello("Strangelove", "Dr.")
SayHello("Mom")

// Pass by value (in, default), reference (in/out), and reference (out)
void TestFunc(int x, ref int y, out int z) {
  x++; 
  y++;
  z = 5;
} int a = 1, b = 1, c;  // c doesn't need initializing
TestFunc(a, ref b, out c);
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", a, b, c);  // 1 2 5
// Accept variable number of arguments
int Sum(params int[] nums) {
  int sum = 0;
  foreach (int i in nums)
    sum += i;
  return sum;
}
int total = Sum(4, 3, 2, 1);   // returns 10
/* C# 4.0 supports optional parameters. Previous versions required function overloading. */ 
void SayHello(string name, string prefix = "") {
  Console.WriteLine("Greetings, " + prefix + " " + name);

SayHello("Strangelove", "Dr.");
SayHello("Mom");
VB.NET Strings C#
Special character constants (all also accessible from ControlChars class)
vbCrLf, vbCr, vbLf, vbNewLine
vbNullString
vbTab
vbBack
vbFormFeed
vbVerticalTab
""
' String concatenation (use & or +)
Dim school As String = "Harding" & vbTab
school = school & "University" ' school is "Harding (tab) University"
' Chars
Dim letter As Char = school.Chars(0)   ' letter is H
letter = "Z"c                                         ' letter is Z
letter = Convert.ToChar(65)                ' letter is A
letter = Chr(65)                                 ' same thing
Dim word() As Char = school.ToCharArray() ' word holds Harding
' No string literal operator
Dim msg As String = "File is c:\temp\x.dat"



' String comparison
Dim mascot As String = "Bisons"
If (mascot = "Bisons") Then   ' true
If (mascot.Equals("Bisons")) Then   ' true
If (mascot.ToUpper().Equals("BISONS")) Then  ' true
If (mascot.CompareTo("Bisons") = 0) Then   ' true
' String matching with Like - Regex is more powerful
If ("John 3:16" Like "Jo[Hh]? #:*") Then   'true
' Substring
s = mascot.Substring(2, 3)) ' s is "son"
' Replacement
s = mascot.Replace("sons", "nomial")) ' s is "Binomial"
' Split
Dim names As String = "Michael,Dwight,Jim,Pam"
Dim parts() As String = names.Split(",".ToCharArray())   ' One name in each slot
' Date to string
Dim dt As New DateTime(1973, 10, 12)
Dim s As String = "My birthday: " & dt.ToString("MMM dd, yyyy")   ' Oct 12, 1973
' Integer to String
Dim x As Integer = 2
Dim y As String = x.ToString()     ' y is "2"
' String to Integer
Dim x As Integer = Convert.ToInt32("-5")     ' x is -5
' Mutable string
Dim buffer As New System.Text.StringBuilder("two ")
buffer.Append("three ")
buffer.Insert(0, "one ")
buffer.Replace("two", "TWO")
Console.WriteLine(buffer)         ' Prints "one TWO three"
Escape sequences
\r    // carriage-return
\n    // line-feed
\t    // tab
\\    // backslash
\"    // quote



// String concatenation
string school = "Harding\t";
school = school + "University";   // school is "Harding (tab) University"
// Chars
char letter = school[0];            // letter is H
letter = 'Z';                               // letter is Z
letter = Convert.ToChar(65);     // letter is A
letter = (char)65;                    // same thing
char[] word = school.ToCharArray();   // word holds Harding
// String literal
string msg = @"File is c:\temp\x.dat";
// same as
string msg = "File is c:\\temp\\x.dat";

// String comparison
string mascot = "Bisons";
if (mascot == "Bisons")    // true
if (mascot.Equals("Bisons"))   // true
if (mascot.ToUpper().Equals("BISONS"))   // true
if (mascot.CompareTo("Bisons") == 0)    // true
// String matching - No Like equivalent, use Regex

// Substring
s = mascot.Substring(2, 3))     // s is "son"
// Replacement
s = mascot.Replace("sons", "nomial"))     // s is "Binomial"
// Split
string names = "Michael,Dwight,Jim,Pam";
string[] parts = names.Split(",".ToCharArray());   // One name in each slot
// Date to string
DateTime dt = new DateTime(1973, 10, 12);
string s = dt.ToString("MMM dd, yyyy");     // Oct 12, 1973
// int to string
int x = 2;
string y = x.ToString();     // y is "2"
// string to int
int x = Convert.ToInt32("-5");     // x is -5 // Mutable string
System.Text.StringBuilder buffer = new System.Text.StringBuilder("two ");
buffer.Append("three ");
buffer.Insert(0, "one ");
buffer.Replace("two", "TWO");
Console.WriteLine(buffer);     // Prints "one TWO three"
VB.NET Regular Expressions C#
Imports System.Text.RegularExpressions
' Match a string pattern
Dim r As New Regex("j[aeiou]h?. \d:*", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase Or _
        RegexOptions.Compiled)
If (r.Match("John 3:16").Success) Then   'true
    Console.WriteLine("Match")
End If
' Find and remember all matching patterns
Dim s As String = "My number is 305-1881, not 305-1818."
Dim r As New Regex("(\d+-\d+)")
Dim m As Match = r.Match(s)     ' Matches 305-1881 and 305-1818
While m.Success
    Console.WriteLine("Found number: " & m.Groups(1).Value & " at position " _
            & m.Groups(1).Index.ToString)
    m = m.NextMatch()
End While
' Remeber multiple parts of matched pattern
Dim r As New Regex("(\d\d):(\d\d) (am|pm)")
Dim m As Match = r.Match("We left at 03:15 pm.")
If m.Success Then
    Console.WriteLine("Hour: " & m.Groups(1).ToString)       ' 03
    Console.WriteLine("Min: " & m.Groups(2).ToString)         ' 15
    Console.WriteLine("Ending: " & m.Groups(3).ToString)   ' pm
End If
' Replace all occurrances of a pattern
Dim r As New Regex("h\w+?d", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase)
Dim s As String = r.Replace("I heard this was HARD!", "easy")   ' I easy this was easy!
' Replace matched patterns
Dim s As String = Regex.Replace("123 < 456", "(\d+) . (\d+)", "$2 > $1")   ' 456 > 123
' Split a string based on a pattern
Dim names As String = "Michael, Dwight, Jim, Pam"
Dim r As New Regex(",\s*")
Dim parts() As String = r.Split(names)   ' One name in each slot
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
// Match a string pattern
Regex r = new Regex(@"j[aeiou]h?. \d:*", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase |
        RegexOptions.Compiled);
if (r.Match("John 3:16").Success)   // true
    Console.WriteLine("Match");

// Find and remember all matching patterns
string s = "My number is 305-1881, not 305-1818.";
Regex r = new Regex("(\\d+-\\d+)");
// Matches 305-1881 and 305-1818
for (Match m = r.Match(s); m.Success; m = m.NextMatch())
    Console.WriteLine("Found number: " + m.Groups[1] + " at position " +
        m.Groups[1].Index);


// Remeber multiple parts of matched pattern
Regex r = new Regex("@(\d\d):(\d\d) (am|pm)");
Match m = r.Match("We left at 03:15 pm.");
if (m.Success) {
    Console.WriteLine("Hour: " + m.Groups[1]);       // 03
    Console.WriteLine("Min: " + m.Groups[2]);         // 15
    Console.WriteLine("Ending: " + m.Groups[3]);   // pm
}
// Replace all occurrances of a pattern
Regex r = new Regex("h\\w+?d", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
string s = r.Replace("I heard this was HARD!", "easy"));   // I easy this was easy!
// Replace matched patterns
string s = Regex.Replace("123 < 456", @"(\d+) . (\d+)", "$2 > $1");   // 456 > 123
// Split a string based on a pattern
string names = "Michael, Dwight, Jim, Pam";
Regex r = new Regex(@",\s*");
string[] parts = r.Split(names);   // One name in each slot
VB.NET Exception Handling C#
' Throw an exception
Dim ex As New Exception("Something is really wrong.")
Throw  ex 
' Catch an exception
Try
  y = 0
  x = 10 / y
Catch ex As Exception When y = 0 ' Argument and When is optional
  Console.WriteLine(ex.Message)
Finally
  Beep()
End Try

' Deprecated unstructured error handling
On Error GoTo MyErrorHandler
...
MyErrorHandler: Console.WriteLine(Err.Description)

// Throw an exception
Exception up = new Exception("Something is really wrong.");
throw up;  // ha ha
// Catch an exception
try {
  y = 0;
  x = 10 / y;
}
catch (Exception ex) {   // Argument is optional, no "When" keyword
  Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
finally {
  Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction.Beep();
}
VB.NET Namespaces C#
Namespace Harding.Compsci.Graphics
  ...
End Namespace
' or
Namespace Harding
  Namespace Compsci
    Namespace Graphics
      ...
    End Namespace
  End Namespace
End Namespace

Imports Harding.Compsci.Graphics
namespace Harding.Compsci.Graphics {
  ...
}
// or
namespace Harding {
  namespace Compsci {
    namespace Graphics {
      ...
    }
  }
}
using Harding.Compsci.Graphics;
VB.NET Classes / Interfaces C#
Access Modifiers
Public
Private
Friend
Protected
Protected Friend

Class Modifiers
MustInherit
NotInheritable


Method Modifiers
MustOverride
NotInheritable
Shared
Overridable

' All members are Shared
Module
' Partial classes
Partial Class Competition
  ...
End Class
' Inheritance
Class FootballGame
  Inherits Competition
  ...
End Class
' Interface definition
Interface IAlarmClock
  Sub Ring()
  Property TriggerDateTime() As DateTime
End Interface
' Extending an interface
Interface IAlarmClock
  Inherits IClock
  ...
End Interface
' Interface implementation
Class WristWatch
  Implements IAlarmClock, ITimer

  Public Sub Ring() Implements IAlarmClock.Ring
    Console.WriteLine("Wake up!")
  End Sub

  Public Property TriggerDateTime As DateTime Implements IAlarmClock.TriggerDateTime
  ...
End Class
Access Modifiers
public
private
internal
protected
protected internal

Class Modifiers
abstract
sealed
static

Method Modifiers
abstract
sealed
static
virtual

No Module equivalent - just use static class


// Partial classes
partial class Competition {
  ...
}
// Inheritance
class FootballGame : Competition {
  ...
}

// Interface definition

interface IAlarmClock {
  void Ring();
  DateTime CurrentDateTime { get; set; }
}
// Extending an interface 
interface IAlarmClock : IClock {
  ...
}

// Interface implementation

class WristWatch : IAlarmClock, ITimer {

  public void Ring() {
    Console.WriteLine("Wake up!");
  }

  public DateTime TriggerDateTime { get; set; }
  ...
}
VB.NET Constructors / Destructors C#
Class SuperHero
  Private powerLevel As Integer

  Public Sub New()
    powerLevel = 0
  End Sub

  Public Sub New(ByVal powerLevel As Integer)
    Me.powerLevel = powerLevel
  End Sub

  Shared Sub New()
    ' Shared constructor invoked before 1st instance is created
  End Sub

  Protected Overrides Sub Finalize()
   ' Destructor to free unmanaged resources
    MyBase.Finalize()
  End Sub
End Class
class SuperHero {
  private int powerLevel;

  public SuperHero() {
     powerLevel = 0;
  }

  public SuperHero(int powerLevel) {
    this.powerLevel = powerLevel;
  }

  static SuperHero() {
    // Static constructor invoked before 1st instance is created
  }

  ~SuperHero() {
    // Destructor implicitly creates a Finalize method
  }
}
VB.NET Using Objects C#
Dim hero As SuperHero = New SuperHero
' or
Dim hero As New SuperHero
With hero
  .Name = "SpamMan"
  .PowerLevel = 3
End With

hero.Defend("Laura Jones")
hero.Rest()     ' Calling Shared method
' or
SuperHero.Rest()
Dim hero2 As SuperHero = hero  ' Both reference the same object
hero2.Name = "WormWoman"
Console.WriteLine(hero.Name)   ' Prints WormWoman
hero = Nothing    ' Free the object
If hero Is Nothing Then _
  hero = New SuperHero
Dim obj As Object = New SuperHero
If TypeOf obj Is SuperHero Then _
  Console.WriteLine("Is a SuperHero object.")
' Mark object for quick disposal
Using reader As StreamReader = File.OpenText("test.txt")
  Dim line As String = reader.ReadLine()
  While Not line Is Nothing
    Console.WriteLine(line)
    line = reader.ReadLine()
  End While
End Using
SuperHero hero = new SuperHero();




// No "With" but can use object initializers
SuperHero hero = new SuperHero() { Name = "SpamMan", PowerLevel = 3 };


hero.Defend("Laura Jones");
SuperHero.Rest();   // Calling static method


SuperHero hero2 = hero;   // Both reference the same object
hero2.Name = "WormWoman";
Console.WriteLine(hero.Name);   // Prints WormWoman
hero = null ;   // Free the object
if (hero == null)
  hero = new SuperHero();
Object obj = new SuperHero();
if (obj is SuperHero)
  Console.WriteLine("Is a SuperHero object.");
// Mark object for quick disposal
using (StreamReader reader = File.OpenText("test.txt")) {
  string line;
  while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null)
    Console.WriteLine(line);
}
VB.NET Structs C#
Structure Student
  Public name As String
  Public gpa As Single

  Public Sub New(ByVal name As String, ByVal gpa As Single)
    Me.name = name
    Me.gpa = gpa
  End Sub
End Structure
Dim stu As Student = New Student("Bob", 3.5)
Dim stu2 As Student = stu  

stu2.name = "Sue"
Console.WriteLine(stu.name)    ' Prints Bob
Console.WriteLine(stu2.name)  ' Prints Sue
struct Student {
  public string name;
  public float gpa;

  public Student(string name, float gpa) {
    this.name = name;
    this.gpa = gpa;
  }
}
Student stu = new Student("Bob", 3.5f);
Student stu2 = stu; 

stu2.name = "Sue";
Console.WriteLine(stu.name);    // Prints Bob
Console.WriteLine(stu2.name);   // Prints Sue
VB.NET Properties C#
' Auto-implemented properties are new to VB10
Public Property Name As String
Public Property Size As Integer = -1     ' Default value, Get and Set both Public

' Traditional property implementation
Private mName As String
Public Property Name() As String
    Get
        Return mName
    End Get
    Set(ByVal value As String)
        mName = value
    End Set
End Property
' Read-only property
Private mPowerLevel As Integer
Public ReadOnly Property PowerLevel() As Integer
    Get
        Return mPowerLevel
    End Get
End Property
' Write-only property
Private mHeight As Double
Public WriteOnly Property Height() As Double
    Set(ByVal value As Double)
        mHeight = If(value < 0, mHeight = 0, mHeight = value)
    End Set
End Property
// Auto-implemented properties
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Size { get; protected set; }     // Set default value in constructor

// Traditional property implementation
private string name;
public string Name {
  get {
    return name;
  }
  set {
    name = value;
  }
}
// Read-only property
private int powerLevel;
public int PowerLevel {
  get {
    return powerLevel;
  }
}
// Write-only property
private double height;
public double Height {
  set {
    height = value < 0 ? 0 : value;
  }
}
VB.NET Delegates / Events C#
Delegate Sub MsgArrivedEventHandler(ByVal message As String)
Event MsgArrivedEvent As MsgArrivedEventHandler
' or to define an event which declares a delegate implicitly
Event MsgArrivedEvent(ByVal message As String)
AddHandler MsgArrivedEvent, AddressOf My_MsgArrivedCallback
' Won't throw an exception if obj is Nothing
RaiseEvent MsgArrivedEvent("Test message")
RemoveHandler MsgArrivedEvent, AddressOf My_MsgArrivedCallback

Imports System.Windows.Forms
Dim WithEvents MyButton As Button   ' WithEvents can't be used on local variable
MyButton = New Button
Private Sub MyButton_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
  ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyButton.Click
  MessageBox.Show(Me, "Button was clicked", "Info", _
    MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information)
End Sub
delegate void MsgArrivedEventHandler(string message);
event MsgArrivedEventHandler MsgArrivedEvent;
// Delegates must be used with events in C#


MsgArrivedEvent += new MsgArrivedEventHandler(My_MsgArrivedEventCallback);
MsgArrivedEvent("Test message");    // Throws exception if obj is null
MsgArrivedEvent -= new MsgArrivedEventHandler(My_MsgArrivedEventCallback);


using System.Windows.Forms;
Button MyButton = new Button();
MyButton.Click += new System.EventHandler(MyButton_Click);
private void MyButton_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e) {
  MessageBox.Show(this, "Button was clicked", "Info",
    MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
}
VB.NET Generics C#
' Enforce accepted data type at compile-time
Dim numbers As New List(Of Integer)
numbers.Add(2)
numbers.Add(4)
DisplayList(Of Integer)(numbers)

' Subroutine can display any type of List
Sub DisplayList(Of T)(ByVal list As List(Of T))
    For Each item As T In list
        Console.WriteLine(item)
    Next
End Sub

' Class works on any data type
Class SillyList(Of T)
    Private list(10) As T
    Private rand As New Random

    Public Sub Add(ByVal item As T)
        list(rand.Next(10)) = item
    End Sub

    Public Function GetItem() As T
        Return list(rand.Next(10))
    End Function
End Class

' Limit T to only types that implement IComparable
Function Maximum(Of T As IComparable)(ByVal ParamArray items As T()) As T
    Dim max As T = items(0)
    For Each item As T In items
        If item.CompareTo(max) > 0 Then max = item
    Next
    Return max
End Function

// Enforce accepted data type at compile-time
List<int> numbers = new List<int>();
numbers.Add(2);
numbers.Add(4);
DisplayList<int>(numbers);

// Function can display any type of List
void DisplayList<T>(List<T> list) {
    foreach (T item in list)
        Console.WriteLine(item);
}


// Class works on any data type
class SillyList<T> {
    private T[] list = new T[10];
    private Random rand = new Random();

    public void Add(T item) {
        list[rand.Next(10)] = item;
    }

    public T GetItem() {
        return list[rand.Next(10)];
    }
}

// Limit T to only types that implement IComparable
T Maximum<T>(params T[] items) where T : IComparable<T> {
    T max = items[0];
    foreach (T item in items)
        if (item.CompareTo(max) > 0)
            max = item;
    return max;
}

VB.NET LINQ C#
Dim nums() As Integer = {5, 8, 2, 1, 6}

' Get all numbers in the array above 4
Dim results = From value In nums
                  Where value > 4
                  Select value

Console.WriteLine(results.Count())     ' 3
Console.WriteLine(results.First())     ' 5
Console.WriteLine(results.Last())     ' 6
Console.WriteLine(results.Average())     ' 6.33333

' Displays 5 8 6
For Each n As Integer In results
    Console.Write(n & " ")
Next

results = results.Intersect({5, 6, 7})     ' 5 6
results = results.Concat({5, 1, 5})     ' 5 6 5 1 5
results = results.Distinct()     ' 5 6 1

Dim Students() As Student = {
    New Student With {.Name = "Bob", .GPA = 3.5},
    New Student With {.Name = "Sue", .GPA = 4.0},
    New Student With {.Name = "Joe", .GPA = 1.9}
}

' Get an ordered list of all students by GPA with GPA >= 3.0
Dim goodStudents = From s In Students
            Where s.GPA >= 3.0
            Order By s.GPA Descending
            Select s

Console.WriteLine(goodStudents.First.Name)     ' Sue
int[] nums = { 5, 8, 2, 1, 6 };

// Get all numbers in the array above 4
var results = from value in nums
                where value > 4
                select value;

Console.WriteLine(results.Count());     // 3
Console.WriteLine(results.First());     // 5
Console.WriteLine(results.Last());     // 6
Console.WriteLine(results.Average());     // 6.33333

// Displays 5 8 6
foreach (int n in results)
    Console.Write(n + " ");


results = results.Intersect(new[] {5, 6, 7});     // 5 6
results = results.Concat(new[] {5, 1, 5});     // 5 6 5 1 5
results = results.Distinct();     // 5 6 1

Student[] Students = {
    new Student{ Name = "Bob", GPA = 3.5 },
    new Student{ Name = "Sue", GPA = 4.0 },
    new Student{ Name = "Joe", GPA = 1.9 }
};

// Get an ordered list of all students by GPA with GPA >= 3.0
var goodStudents = from s in Students
            where s.GPA >= 3.0
            orderby s.GPA descending
            select s;

Console.WriteLine(goodStudents.First().Name);     // Sue
VB.NET Console I/O C#
Console.Write("What's your name? ")
Dim name As String = Console.ReadLine()
Console.Write("How old are you? ")
Dim age As Integer = Val(Console.ReadLine())
Console.WriteLine("{0} is {1} years old.", name, age) 
' or
Console.WriteLine(name & " is " & age & " years old.")

Dim c As Integer
c = Console.Read()    ' Read single char
Console.WriteLine(c)   ' Prints 65 if user enters "A"
Console.Write("What's your name? ");
string name = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("How old are you? ");
int age = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("{0} is {1} years old.", name, age);
// or
Console.WriteLine(name + " is " + age + " years old.");

int c = Console.Read();  // Read single char
Console.WriteLine(c);    // Prints 65 if user enters "A"
VB.NET File I/O C#
Imports System.IO
' Write out to text file
Dim writer As StreamWriter = File.CreateText("c:\myfile.txt")
writer.WriteLine("Out to file.")
writer.Close()
' Read all lines from text file
Dim reader As StreamReader = File.OpenText("c:\myfile.txt")
Dim line As String = reader.ReadLine()
While Not line Is Nothing
  Console.WriteLine(line)
  line = reader.ReadLine()
End While
reader.Close()
' Write out to binary file
Dim str As String = "Text data"
Dim num As Integer = 123
Dim binWriter As New BinaryWriter(File.OpenWrite("c:\myfile.dat")) 
binWriter.Write(str) 
binWriter.Write(num)
binWriter.Close()
' Read from binary file
Dim binReader As New BinaryReader(File.OpenRead("c:\myfile.dat"))
str = binReader.ReadString()
num = binReader.ReadInt32()
binReader.Close()
using System.IO;
// Write out to text file
StreamWriter writer = File.CreateText("c:\\myfile.txt");
writer.WriteLine("Out to file.");
writer.Close();
// Read all lines from text file
StreamReader reader = File.OpenText("c:\\myfile.txt");
string line = reader.ReadLine();
while (line != null) {
  Console.WriteLine(line);
  line = reader.ReadLine();
}
reader.Close();
// Write out to binary file
string str = "Text data";
int num = 123;
BinaryWriter binWriter = new BinaryWriter(File.OpenWrite("c:\\myfile.dat"));
binWriter.Write(str);
binWriter.Write(num);
binWriter.Close();
// Read from binary file
BinaryReader binReader = new BinaryReader(File.OpenRead("c:\\myfile.dat"));
str = binReader.ReadString();
num = binReader.ReadInt32();
binReader.Close();